Rabu, 28 Desember 2016

7 alasan memakai jasa terjemah di surabaya translate

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Minggu, 11 Desember 2016

Jasa Terjemah bahasa Inggris

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Minggu, 24 Januari 2016

Referensi judul jurnal

Berikut adalah beberapa judul jurnal dari Universitas Negeri Semarang yang dapat digunakan sebagai referensi penulisan jurnal anda.

Sumber: http://www.journaltocs.ac.uk/index.php?action=browse&subAction=pub&publisherID=2646&journalID=34774&pageb=1&userQueryID=&sort=&local_page=1&sorType=&sorCol=1

  • EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN PETUNJUK PRAKTIKUM IPA BERBASIS INKUIRI PADA TEMA
           

    • Abstract: Proses pembelajaran pada Kurikulum 2013 menggunakan pendekatan scientific (ilmiah). Melalui pendekatan ilmiah peserta didik didorong mengkonstruksi pengetahuannya sendiri, hal ini dilakukan agar peserta didik mampu memahami dan menerapkan pengetahuannya. Praktikum merupakan salah satu kegiatan pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan pendekatan ilmiah, di mana praktikum merupakan sarana pemvisualisasi hal yang abstrak menjadi lebih nyata sehingga peserta didik mampu memahami konsep. Petunjuk praktikum diperlukan pada saat melaksanakan praktikum karena selain mampu membantu pelaksanaan praktikum juga memberikan bantuan berupa informasi bagi peserta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keefektifan penggunaan petunjuk praktikum IPA berbasis inkuiri pada tema kalor dan perpindahannya dalam meningkatkan keterampilan proses sains dan pemahaman konsep peserta didik pada tema kalor dan perpindahannya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan jenis penelitian quasi experimental design. Penelitian dilaksanakan di SMP Negeri 2 Magelang dengan subjek penelitian peserta didik kelas VII. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata presentase keterampilan proses sains peserta didik kelas eksperimen adalah 82,14% dengan kriteria baik sekali pada pertemuan keempat dengan rata-rata presentase pada pertemuan kesatu adalah 43,90% dengan kriteria cukup baik. Untuk kelas kontrol rata-rata presentase keterampilan proses sains peserta didik adalah 66,52% dengan kriteria baik pada pertemuan keempat dengan rata-rata presentase pada pertemuan kesatu adalah 45,24% dengan kriteria cukup baik. Pemahaman konsep peserta didik kelas eksperimen mengalami peningkatan dengan nilai N-gain sebesar 0,56 dengan kriteria sedang. Serta kelas eksperimen memiliki rata-rata nilai pemahaman konsep lebih tinggi dibanding kelas kontrol berdasarkan perhitungan t test dengan nilai thitung ≥ ttabel (5,95≥1,684). Dengan demikian, petunjuk praktikum IPA berbasis inkuiri efektif digunakan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman konsep dan keterampilan proses sains peserta didik. The learning process in Curriculum 2013 use scientific approach. Through scientific approach students are emphasized to construct their own knowledge, this is done so that students are able to understand and apply knowledge. Practicum is one of the learning activities in accordance with the scientific approach, in which the practicum means visualize the abstract things becomes more real than students is able to understand the concept. Practical instruction is required when carrying out practical because besides being able to help the practical implementation also provide assistance in the form of information for the participants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the use of science practical instruction based inquiry on heat and the displacement in enhancing science process skills and understanding of the concept of students. This study was an experimental with the type of quasi-experimental research design. The experiment was conducted in Junior High School 2 Magelang with research subjects students of grade VII. The results showed the average percentage of science process skills students experimental class was 82.14% with good criteria once the fourth meeting, with the average percentage the first meeting was 43.90% with a sufficient criteria. Class controlhas an average percentage of science process skills of students is 66.52% with good criteria on the fourth meeting, with the average percentage the first meeting is 45.24%. Understanding the concept of experimental class students have increase in average the value of N-gain of 0.56. As well as the experimental class has an average value of understanding the concept of a higher grade than the control based on the calculation of the t test with tcount≥ttable (5,95≥1,684). Thus, science practical instruction based inquiry on heat and the displacement effectively used to improve the understanding of the concept and science process skills of students.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN ROLE PLAYING PADA HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SMP
           KELAS VII TEMA GLOBAL WARMING DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI EKOSISTEM

    • Authors: Sri Sutiyani, Sri Nurhayati, Arif Widiyatmoko
      Abstract: Hasil observasi dan wawancara di SMP N 1 Rembang diperoleh informasi bahwa siswa kurang berpartisipasi aktif dalam pembelajaran sehingga hasil belajar siswa rendah. Bertolak dari hal tersebut, maka diperlukan adanya suatu variasi pembelajaran yang menarik, inovatif dan lebih mengaktifkan siswa. Salah satu model pembelajaran yang dapat mengaktifkan siswa yaitu model pembelajaran bermain peran (role playing). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah model role playing berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar pada tema global warming dan dampaknya bagi ekosistem pada siswa kelas VII serta besarnya pengaruhnya. Desain dari penelitian ini adalah desain control group pretest posttest. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas VII A (kelas eksperimen) dan VII E (kelas kontrol) SMP N 1 Rembang. Metode pengumpulan data dalam penelitian adalah metode dokumentasi, metode tes, metode observasi serta metode angket. Pengaruh penerapan model pembelajaran role playing dapat dilihat dari peningkatan hasil pretest dan postest dengan N-gain secara klasikal sebesar 0,54 (kategori sedang). Besarnya pengaruh yang diukur dengan korelasi biseria (rb) sebesar 0,695 (kategori kuat) dan koefisien determinasi (KD) sebesar 48,34%. Rata-rata nilai afektif kelas eksperimen sebesar 91,7%, sedangkan kelas kontrol sebesar 88%. Rata-rata nilai psikomotorik kelas eksperimen sebesar 89,8% dan kelas kontrol sebesar 88,3%. Hasil keseluruhan nilai aspek afektif dan psikomotorik kelas ekperimen lebih besar daripada kelas kontrol. Hasil angket respon siswa yaitu 31 siswa memberi tanggapan baik dari jumlah 32 siswa.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkanmodel role playing tema global warmingdan dampaknya bagi ekosistem berpengaruh positif terhadap hasil belajar kognitif siswa sebesar 48,34% serta berpengaruh positif terhadap hasil belajar afektif dan psikomotorik siswa. Based on observations and interviews in SMP N 1 Rembang obtained information that students are less actively participate in the learning so they get low score. Starting from this, it is necessary to have a variety of interesting learning, innovative and make students active. One of learning model that can make students active is role playing learning model. This study aims to determine whether role playing learning model effect on learning result of theme of global warming and its effect on research ecosystem in grade VII and how many the effect is. The design of this research was a pretest-posttest control group design. Sample is class VII A (experimental class) and VII E (grade control) SMP N 1 Rembang. For the data collection, this research used documentation methods, test methods, observation method and questionnaire result. Influence of Role Playing Learning Model can be seen from the increase in pretest and posttest results with the classical N-gain was 0.695 (medium category). The result of its effect as measured by the correlation biseria (rb) is 0.695 (strong category) and the coefficient of determination (KD) is 48.34%. The average score of affective is 91.7% of experimen class, while control class is 88%. The average score of psychomotor experiment class is 89,8% and 88,3% of the control class. The overall results affective and psychomotor aspects score of experiment class is higher than control class. The result of student questionnaire respon towards learning process using role playing models is 31 students give a good response from 32 students. Conclusion on the research is model of role playing learning model of theme of global warming and its effects on ecosystem give positive effect on cognitive learning results is 48.34% and give positive effect in affective and psycomotor.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROCESS ORIENTED GUIDED INQUIRY LEARNING
           TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITISPESERTA DIDIK PADA MATERI PERUBAHAN
           BENDA

    • Authors: Dita Puji Rahayu, Stephani Diah Pamelasari
      Abstract: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui ada atau tidak pengaruh model pembelajaran POGILdan  besarnya kontribusi terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis peserta didik pada materi perubahan benda.Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian quasi experimental design dengan desain non equivalent control group design. Populasinya adalah siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 1 Boja. Sampel diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling dihasilkan siswa kelas VII A sebagai kelas kontrol dan kelas VII B sebagai kelas eksperimen. Data penelitian adalah hasil tes kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata kemampuan berpikir kritis kelas eksperimen 85 dan kelas kontrol 75,25. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji kesamaan dua rata-rata, analisis korelasi biserial, dan koefisien determinasi.Hasil analisis korelasi biserial 0,55 dan koefisien determinasi 30%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis korelasi biserial dan koefisien determinasi dapat disimpulkan bahwa model POGIL berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa. The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of POGIL learning model and the contribution tothe critical thinking ability of students in the Object Changes material. This research design wasquasi-experimental of non-equivalent control group design. The population of this research was 7th grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Boja. The sample was taken by using purposive sampling technique which is resulted class VII As control class and class VII Basexperimental class.The data consisted of thestudents’critical thinking ability test. The result of this research showed that average of critical thinking ability experiment class was 85 and control class was 75,25; test were analyzed by using two similarity test average, biserial correlation analysis, and coefficient of determination.. The result of biserial corelation analysis 0,55 and coefficient of determination was 30%. Based on result of biserial corelation analysis and coefficient of determinationit could be concluded that the learning model POGIL affect on critical thinking ability in the object changes material.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • PENGARUH TEKNIK STORY TELLING MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA PUZZLE TERHADAP MOTIVASI
           DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA SMP KELAS VII PADA MATERI ENERGI DALAM SISTEM
           KEHIDUPAN

    • Authors: Mugi Rahayu, Stephani Diah Pamelasari
      Abstract: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengaruh teknik story telling menggunakan media puzzle terhadap motivasi dan hasil belajar siswa SMP kelas VII materi energi dalam sistem kehidupan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua kelas VII SMPN 30 Semarang, sampel penelitiannya adalah siswa kelas VII C dan VII D diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling.Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Quasi Eksperimental Design dengan desain Nonequivalent Control Group Design.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata motivasi belajar kelas eksperimen sebesar 78% sedangkan rata-rata motivasi belajar siswa kelas kontrol sebesar 76,29%. Siswa yang diajar menggunakan teknik story telling dan media puzzle memberikan rata-rata motivasi belajar siswa lebih baik dibandingkan dengan siswa yang diajar menggunakan diskusi kelompok berbantuan LKS dan LDS. Kelas eksperimen yang memiliki motivasi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kelas kontrol menghasilkan rara-rata hasil belajar kognitif yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelas kontrol. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diperoleh t hitung > t tabel sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan diantara kedua kelas serta diperoleh r hitung > r tabel sehingga ada hubungan antara motivasi dan hasil belajar siswa dengan adanya penerapan teknik story telling menggunakan media puzzle. This study aims to describe the influence of story telling technique by using puzzle media for seventh grade students’ fowards motivation and learning outcomes in Energy of Living System material. The population of the study was the seventh grade students’ of SMPN 30 Semarang and the sample of the study was the students of VII C as experimental group and VII D as control group taken by the purposive sampling technique. The research design used in the study was Quasi-Experimental Design with Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The result showed that the mean of learning motivation of the experimental group was 78,00% while the mean of learning motivation of the control group was 76,29%. Students taught by using story telling technique and puzzle media showed better result than who used worksheet and discussion sheet in group discussion. The experimental group had either better learning motivation or higher result on cognitive aspect compared to the control group. Based on the result of analysis show that t count > t table, it can be concluded that there was significant influenced both of the class and r count > r table, so there was related between motivation and learning outcomes with using story telling technique and puzzle media.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • EFEKTIVITAS MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF JIGSAW II BERBANTUAN LKS UNTUK
           MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP DAN KARAKTER SISWA

    • Authors: Brendyani Eka Setyowati, Arif Widiyatmoko, Sarwi Sarwi
      Abstract: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan model pembelajaran kooperatif Jigsaw IIberbantuan LKS terhadap peningkatan pemahaman konsep dan karakter siswa, serta untuk mengetahui tanggapan siswa terhadap model pembelajaran tersebut. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu quasi experiment dengan desain non-equivalent control group design. Sampel penelitian ini diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling, kelas VIII D (kelas eksperimen) yang diberi perlakuan model pembelajaran kooperatif Jigsaw IIdan kelas VIII C (kelas kontrol) yang diberi perlakuan metode diskusi dan tugas di SMP Negeri 1 Bergas. Data diambil dengan metode tes (pre-test dan post-test), observasi (karakter), dan angket (tanggapan tentang model dan penilaian diri). Hasil penilaian karakter didapatkan bahwapersentase nilai karakter siswa setiap pertemuan selalu meningkat.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata hasil belajar (post-test) kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi dari kelas kontrol (81,30> 77,94). Nilai N-gain kedua kelas masing-masing meningkat sebesar 0,57 dan 0,51 (kategori sedang). Ketuntasan klasikal kelas eksperimen (85%) > kelas kontrol (68%). Dari uji hipotesis, diperoleh thitung> ttabel (2,22> 1,671). Rata-rata persentase karakter siswa kelas eksperimen (63%) yang masuk dalam kategori mulai berkembang lebih tinggi dari kelas kontrol (49%) yang masuk dalam ketegori mulai terlihat. Dari uji hipotesis diperoleh thitung>ttabel (4,09> 1,67). Tanggapan siswa tentang model pembelajaran kooperatif Jigsaw II berbantuan LKS dinyatakan efektif. Hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran kooperatif Jigsaw II berbantuan LKS efektif untuk meningkatkan pemahaman konsep dan karakter siswa. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of cooperative learning model Jigsaw II LKS assisted to improve understanding of the concept and value of student character and finding out of students rensponse. This study used a quasi experimental design, especially non-equivalent control group design. The samples of this study was grade VIII D (experiment)used cooperative learning model Jigsaw II and VIIIC (control) of SMPN 1Bergas, taken with purpossive sampling method. The data was taken by test method (pre-test andpost-test), observation (character of students), also questionnaire (students’ responses and self-assesment). The results showed that the average of experiment class is higher than the control ( (81.30 > 77.94). This result proved by the t-test which achieved tvalue> ttable (2.22> 1.671). The N-gain value of both classes were increased by 0.57 and 0.51 (medium category). The classical completeness of experimental (85%) > controls (68%). The average percentase of character students of experimental (63%) and control (49%). This result verified by the Mann-Whitney test which obtained tvalue>ttable (4.09 >1.67). The students’ responses about cooperative learning of Jigsaw II assisted LKS was effective . In conclusion, students in the experimental group had better understanding concept, and more positive value of character toward cooperative learning Jigsaw II.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • PENGEMBANGAN LKS IPA BERBASIS PROBLEM BASED LEARNING PADA TEMA PENCEMARAN
           LINGKUNGAN GUNA MENUMBUHKAN KEMANDIRIAN SISWA

    • Authors: Heri Setyanto, Sudarmin Sudarmin, Novi Ratna Dewi
      Abstract: Hasil Observasi di SMP Negeri 1 Bawen ditemukan bahwa LKS IPA yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran masih kurang mengaktifkan siswa. Siswa kurang tertarik mempelajarinya karena tidak ada gambar tentang materi yang dipelajari. Selain itu sikap siswa yang pasif menyebabkan pembelajaran berpusat pada guru. Penelitian dan pengembangan  ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan LKS IPA berbasis PBL dan mengetahui keefektifannya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di SMP N 1 Bawen mengunakan 10 siswa kelas VIII I untuk uji coba skala kecil, seluruh kelas VII G untuk uji coba skala besar serta kelas VII H dan VII I untuk mengetahui keefektifan LKS. Hasil uji kelayakan LKS oleh pkar materi 86.67% (sangat layak), pakar bahasa 93,75% (sangat layak) dan pakar penyajian 95,23% (sangat layak). Nilai hasil belajar siswa di analisis dengan N-gain dan didapatkan hasil sebesar 0,39 untuk kelas VII H dan 0,36 untuk kelas VII I yang keduanya masuk dalam kriteria sedang. Hasil penilaian observasi didapatkan bahwa persentase kemandirian siswa pada setiap pertemuan selalu meningkat. Berdasarkanhasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa LKS IPA berbasis PBL tema pencemaran lingkungandinyatakan layak oleh pakar dan dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar serta menumbuhkan kemandirian siswa. Observations at SMP Negeri 1 Bawen  found that IPA worksheets used in the study is still lacking which activate  students. Students are less interested to learn because the lack of picture abaot the material being studied. Another obstacle is most of the student are passive in the learning and cause it becomes the teacher-centered learning. This research and development are carried out in SMP N 1 Bawen using study subjects in 10 students of class VIII I for small-scale trials, all students of class VII G for large-scale trials and class VII H and VII I for getting tehe worksheets effectiveness. The test result of the proper worksheet by material experts 86,67% , linguists 93,75% and presentation 95,23%. The value of cognitive learning results of students in the N-gain and obtained a yield of 0.39 forVII H and 0.36 for VII I were both included in the secondary criteria.Assessment of student independent showed that the percentage of the value of each meeting of the student independent is increasing.. Based on the result of this study can be concluded that the PBL worksheets theme environment pollutiondeclared proper by experts and improve the student earning result and can foster student independent.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN MEDIA AUDIOVISUAL PADA PEMBELAJARAN ENERGI DALAM
           SISTEM KEHIDUPAN PADA SISWA SMP

    • Authors: Tri Wahyuni, Arif Widiyatmoko, Isa Akhlis
      Abstract: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan medai audiovisual terhadap minat dan hasil belajar siswa SMP kelas VIII tema energi dalam sistem kehidupan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua kelas VIII SMP N 2 Sulang, sampel penelitian adalah siswa kelas VIII A dan VIII C diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Jenis penelitian ini adalah Quasi Eksperimental Design dengan desain Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata minat kelas eksperimen sebesar 83,37% sedangkan rata-rata kelas kontrol sebesar 79,02%. Siswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan media audiovisual rata-rata minat belajarnya lebih tinggi dibanding dengan rata-rata minat kelas kontrol. Dengan minat belajar yang tinggi tentu memiliki hasil belajar yang tinggi pula. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan rata-rata hasil belajar kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi dibanding dengan rata-rata belajar kelas kontrol. Kelas eksperimen memiliki rata-rata hasil belajar sebesar 83,82 sedangkan rata-rata hasil belajar kelas kontrol sebesar 78,43. Sama halnya dengan ketuntasan klasikal kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi dibanding kelas kontrol. Berdasarkan hasil analisis rata-rata minat belajar siswa diperoleh t hitung sebesar 1,98 dan t tabel sebesar 1,68. Berdasarkan  rata-rata hasil belajar siswa diperoleh hasil t hitung sebesar 1,965 dan t tabel sebesar 1,68 sehingga dapat disimpulkan dari kedua analisis di atas bahwa  penggunaan media ausio visual efektif terhadap minat belajar siswa dan hasil belajar siswa. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the use of audio-visual media against interest and student learning outputs junior class VIII theme of energy in living systems. Population in this research is all class VIII SMP N 2 Sulang, samples were students of class VIII A and VIII C is taken by purposive sampling technique. The design of this study was Quasi Experimental Design with design Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The results showed that the average interest of 83.37% experimental class while the average grade of 79.02% control. Students are taught using audio-visual media interest in learning on average higher than average interest in the control class. With a high learning interest certainly has a high learning outputs as well. This is indicated by the average results of experimental class learning higher than the average of the control class learning. Experimental class has an average of learning outputs of 83.82 while the average learning outputs control class is 78.43. Similarly, the classical completeness experimental class is higher than the control class. Based on the average results of the analysis of student interest earned of 1.98 t and t table at 1.68. Based on the average results of student learning results obtained t calculate equal to 1.965 and t table at 1.68 so it can be inferred from the above analysis that the use of audiovisual media effective against the interest of student learning and student learning outputs.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • PENERAPAN GENIUS LEARNING UNTUK MENGUKUR KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS
           SISWA PADA MATERI EKOSISTEM

    • Authors: Resti Andriyani, Parmin Parmin, Isa Akhlis
      Abstract: Hasil observasi di SMPN 5 Semarang diperoleh informasi bahwa proses pembelajaran IPA kurang bisa mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa. Berdasarkan informasi tersebut, maka diperlukan adanya variase pembelajaran yang dapat menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa. Salah satu pendekatan pembelajaran yang prosesnya dapat menumbuhkan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa adalah genius learning. Penelitian ini menerapkan pendekatan genius learning untuk mengukur keterampilan berpikir kritis dan pemahaman konsep siswa pada materi ekosistem. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui pengaruh penerapan pendekatan genius learning terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis dan pemahaman konsep siswa. Desain penelitian ini ialah quasi eksperimental design dengan bentuk nonequivalent control group design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua kelas VII SMPN 5 Semarang, sampel penelitiannya adalah siswa kelas VII C (kelas eksperimen) dan VII E (kelas kontrol) diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode observasi, metode angket dan metode tes. Analisis data yang digunakan untuk mengukur pengaruh variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat adalah korelasi product moment. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan genius learning dan variabel terikat adalah keterampilan berpikir kritis dan pemahaman konsep siswa. Pengaruh penerapan genius learning terhadap pemahaman konsep dilihat dari hasil analisis korelasi product moment (rxy) adalah 0,43 (kategori sedang) dan pengaruh genius learning terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa adalah 0,85 (kategori sangat kuat). Berdasarkan Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan penerapan genius learning berpengaruh terhadap peahaman konsep siswa dan berpengaruh positif terhadap keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa. The result of observations in SMPN 5 Semarang obtained inforations that science learning process was less able to develop student’s critical thinking skill. Based on that inforation, it’s necessary to have learning process to develop student’s critical thinking skills. One of learning approach that can develop student’s critical thinking skills is genius learning. This research is an application of genius learning strategy for measuring student’s critical thinking skills and concept comprehension in ecosystem lesson. The reseach’s aim is knowing the influence of genius learning approach toward student’s critical thingking skills and student’s science concept comprehension. Design of this research is quasi eksperimental design using form nonequivalent control group design. Population that used is student of SMPN 5 Semarang in 7th grade. The sampel is student of class 7C (experimental class) and 7E (control class) taken by purposive sampling. For the data collection, this research used test methods, observation method and questionnaire result.To analyze the data influence of independent variable and dependent variable, was use corelation product  moment formula. Independent variable in this research is genius learning approach, and dependent variable are critical thinking skill and concept comprehension.  Influence of genius learning application concerning to concept comprehension can be seen from the analyze of correlation product moment (rxy) is 0,43 (middle category) ang influence of genius learning application concerning to critical thinking skills is 0,85 (very strong category). Based on the result, the conclusion is genius learning influential to concept comprehension and positively influential to student’s critical thinking skills.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • PENERAPAN STRATEGI POE (PREDICT-OBSERVE-EXPLAIN) DENGAN METODE LEARNING
           JOURNALS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN IPA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP DAN
           KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS

    • Authors: Puji Rahayu, Arif Widiyatmoko, Hartono Hartono
      Abstract: Pembelajaran IPA di SMP Mataram Semarang belum sepenuhnya menerapkan prinsip inkuiri ilmiah sehingga partisipasi aktif dari peserta didik masih kurang. Kurangnya partisipasi peserta didik menyebabkan pemahaman konsep (hasil belajar kognitif) dan keterampilan proses sains (KPS) masih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemahaman konsep dan KPS peserta didik setelah diterapkannya strategi POE dengan metode Learning Journals.Penelitian ini adalah penelitian Quasi Experiment dengan desain Nonequivalent Control Group Design.Pengambilan sampling menggunakan teknik sampling jenuh, dimana seluruh populasi digunakan sebagai sampel. Kelas VII A dan VII B sebagai kelompok eksperimen, dan kelas VII C sebagai kelompok kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelompok eksperimen memiliki peningkatan pemahaman yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol. Hal tersebut terlihat dari hasil uji t-tes yang diperoleh yaitu thitung>ttabel, thitung sebesar 2,09 dan ttabel sebesar 1,98. KPS kelompok eksperimen lebih baik daripada kelompok kontrol. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat dari uji N-gain hasil tes KPS menunjukkan kelompok eksperimen rata-rata memiliki peningkatan sebesar 0,51 dengan kategori sedang. Dan hasil uji t-test skor observasi KPS dengan thitung 3,33> ttabel 1,98. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan strategi POE dengan metode larning journals dapat meningkatkan pemahaman konsep dan KPS dari peserta didik. Science learning in SMP Mataram Semarangis not yet fully applied the principles of scientific inquiry so the student’s active participation is less. The lack of student’s participation makes the concept comprehension (cognitive learning outcomes) and science process skills (SPS) were low.This study aims to determine student’s concept comprehenssion and science process skills after the implementation of the POE strategy with Learning Journals methods. This research used Quasi Experiment with Nonequivalent Control Group design. Sample taken by saturated sampling technique, where the entire population is used as a sample. Class 7A and 7B as the experiment group, and class 7C as a control group.The results of this research showed that the experiment group had a higher the concept comprehenssion’s increased than control group. It was seen from t-test resultswhere the tcount> ttable,,tcountis 2.09 and ttable is 1.98. Science Process Skills experiment group is better than control group. It was seen from N-gain test of science process skills showed that the experimentgroup had increase average is 0.51(medium category). Based on t-test results of KPS scores observation where tcount 3.33 > 1.98 ttable. The conclusion of this results is implementation of the POE strategy with learning journals method could increase student’s concept comprehenssion and Science Process skills.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • IMPLEMENTASI QUANTUM LEARNING BERBANTUAN MIND MAPPING WORKSHEET UNTUK
           MENGUKUR KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI DAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK

    • Authors: Nyna Adhitama, Parmin Parmin, Sudarmin Sudarmin
      Abstract: Hasil observasi yang dilakukan pada peserta didik kelas VII D di MTs Negeri Gembong, pembelajaran yang terjadi belum terlaksana secara maksimal. Proses pembelajaran masih kurang optimal dalam penggunaan model pembelajaran, sehingga partisipasi peserta didik masih perlu ditingkatkan. Peserta didik seharusnya tidak hanya mencatat dan mendengarkan melainkan harus responsif dalam pembelajaran. Pengelolaan kegiatan presentasi dalam penilaian terhadap kemampuan komunikasi peserta didik secara konvensional, masih belum dapat mengukur keterampilan individual peserta didik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh model Quantum Learning berbantuan mind mapping worksheet, untuk mengukur kemampuan komunikasi serta hasil belajar peserta didik. Quasi eksperimen dengan bentuk nonequivalent control group design menjadi desain penelitian ini. Pemilihan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Data kemampuan komunikasi peserta didik diperoleh menggunakan metode observasi, sedangkan hasil belajar diperoleh menggunakan metode tes. Hasilnya adalah pada hasil belajar dan tingkat kemampuan komunikasi kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi dari kelas kontrol yang ditegaskan melalui nilai n-gain dan uji t. Hasil analisis n-gain menunjukkan bahwa Quantum Learning berbantuan mind mapping worksheet kelas eksperimen mendapatkan 0,70 dengan kriteria sedang sedangkan pada kelas kontrol memperoleh 0,57 dengan kriteria sedang. Quantum learning berbantuan mind mapping worksheet memberikan pengaruh sebesar 92,8% terhadap tingkat kemampuan komunikasi di kelas eksperimen. The results of observations conducted on students of class VII D at MTs Gembong learning that occurs either not been implemented optimally. The learning process is still using conventional learning models, management presentations, namely an assessment of the ability of learners in the conventional presentation it is still not able to measure the individual skills of learners This study aims to determine the effect-aided model of Quantum Learning mind mapping worksheet to measure the ability of communication and learning outcomes learners. Quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group forms into the design of this study. The sample selection using purposive sampling method. Data communication skills of learners obtained using methods of observation, whereas belajarp results obtained using the test method. The result is a result of learning, communication skills levels experimental class is higher than the control class which is confirmed by the value of n-gain and t test. N-gain analysis results indicate that the Quantum Learning mind mapping aided experimental class worksheet gain of 0.70 with the criteria being while in the control group gained 0.57 to the criteria of being. Quantum Learning mind mapping aided worksheet gives the effect of 92.8% against the level of communication skills in the experimental class.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • EFEKTIVITAS PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) PADA TEMA BUNYI DAN PENDENGARAN
           BERBANTUAN ALAT PERAGA TIGA DIMENSI TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS
           SISWA SMP

    • Authors: Dwi Rachmawati, Sudarmin Sudarmin, Novi Ratna Dewi
      Abstract: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas model Problem Based Learning (PBL) berbantuan alat peraga tiga dimensi terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar siswa pada tema bunyi dan pendengaran. Desain penelitian menggunakan Quasi Experimen Design dengan metode Pretest and Posttest Group Design. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII A dan VIII B, SMP Negeri 3 Ungaran tahun ajaran 2014/2015 pada semester genap.  Pengumpulan data menggunakan draft wawancara guru, data hasil belajar yang didapatkan dari pretest dan posttest, lembar observasi afektif dan psikomotor, dan lembar angket tanggapan siswa terhadap model PBL. Alat peraga yang digunakan yaitu recorder soprano dan gitar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan N-gain kemampuan berpikir kritis kelas VIII A sebesar 1,01 dengan kriteria tinggi dan kelas VIII B sebesar 0,55 dengan kriteria sedang. Hasil perhitungan uji hipotesis kemampuan berpikir kritis kelas VIII A dan VIII B diperoleh zhitung=5,01 > ztabel=1,96. Perhitungan hasil belajar kognitif dengan N-gain pada kelas VIII A sebesar 0,67 dan kelas VIII B sebesar 0,47 dengan kedua kelas berkriteria sedang. Hasil perhitungan uji hipotesis hasil belajar siswa diperoleh zhitung > ztabel. Hasil belajar afektif maupun psikomotorik meningkat setiap pertemuan dengan kriteria efektif dan sangat efektif. Ketuntasan klasikal kelas VIII A sebesar 96,97% dan kelas VIII B sebesar 42,42%. Berdasarkan angket tanggapan siswa menunjukkan bahwa model PBL efektif untuk digunakan. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa model PBL berbantuan alat peraga tiga dimensi efektif terhadap kemampuan berpikir kritis dan hasil belajar siswa. This research was aimed to find out the effectiveness of  three dimensional science teaching aid PBL towards crtical thinking skills and learning outcomes of the students. Quasi-experimental design in the form of pretest and posttest goup design was used on this research. The students of VIII A and VIII B of SMP Negeri 3 Ungaran, year academic 2014/2015 were choosen as experimental classes that were obtained using Purposive Sampling technique.  The datas were obtained from teacher interview, students learning outcomes obtained from pretest and postest, observation sheet of students’ affective and psychomotoric, as well as  survey result of students reaction towards PBL model. The result of students’ critical thinking skill analysis using N-gain showed VIII A got 1,01 with high criteria while VIII B got 0.55 with medium criteria. Second hypthotesis test showed Zcount=5.01 > Ztable=1.96. This result indicated a significant enhancement. Cognitive learning outcomes, after tested with N-gain, resulted in class VIII A scored 0.67 and class VIII B scored 0.47 which made both of the class classified as medium criteria with significant hypothesis test result.The result of students’ affective and psychomotoric were improving in each meeting with the criteria of effective and very effective. Classical mastery result of class VIII A is 96.97% and class VIII B is 42.42%. From this research, it is concluded that hree dimensional science teaching aid PBL model is effective to improve crtitical thinking skills and students’ learning outcomes.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • PENERAPAN MODEL GUIDED INQUIRY TERHADAP SIKAP ILMIAH DAN PEMAHAMAN KONSEP
           SISWA PADA TEMA EKOSISTEM

    • Authors: Siska Nugraheni Margiastuti, Parmin Parmin, Stephani Diah Pamelasari
      Abstract: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan sikap ilmiah dengan penerapan model guided inquiry pada tema ekosistem dan efektifitas model guided inquiry untuk meningkatkan pemahaman konsep siswa. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan Quasi Experimen Design dengan metode Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VII D dan VII J SMP Negeri 3 Ungaran tahun ajaran 2014/2015 pada semester genap.  Pengumpulan data menggunakan draft wawancara guru, data hasil belajar yang didapatkan dari pretest dan posttest, lembar observasi sikap ilmiah siswa dan lembar angket tanggapan siswa terhadap model guided inquiry. Pembelajaran akan dilaksanakan dengan model guided inquiry dengan lima tahap yaitu merumuskan masalah, membuat hipotesis, mengumpulkan data, menginterpretasi data, dan membuat kesimpulan. Model pembelajaran yang digunakan berbantuan LKS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata presentase sikap ilmiah siswa pada kelas eksperimen adalah 86, dan kelas kontrol sebesar 82. Hasil perhitungan uji t sikap ilmiah siswa diperoleh thitung > ttabel dengan thitung = 3,464 dan ttabel= 1,671. Perhitungan pemahaman konsep siswa dengan N-gain pada kelas eksperimen sebesar 0,43 dengan kriteria sedang, dan kelas kontrol sebesar 0,35 dengan kriteria sedang. Hasil perhitungan uji t hasil belajar siswa diperoleh thitung > ttabel dengan thitung = 1,776 dan ttabel= 1,671. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan model guided inquiry efektif untuk meningkatkan pemahaman konsep siswa dan terdapat perbedaan sikap ilmiah siswa pada kelas eksperimen dan kontrol. This research aims to investigate the difference of scientific attitude by implementing guided inquiry on Ecosystem theme and the effectiveness of guided inquiry model to improve students’ comprehension of concept. The design of this research was Quasi Experiment Design with Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The sample was class VII D and VII J of SMP Negeri 3 Ungaran students in even semester of academic year 2014/2015. The data was collectied by using interview draft of teachers, learning outcomes data obtained from pretest and posttest, observation sheet of students’ scientific attitude, and questionnaire sheet of students’ feedback towards guided inquiry model. The learning process was done in five stages; they are statement of problem, hypotheses, data collection, data interpretation, and conclusion. The worksheet assisted learning model was used in this research. The result shows that the average score of students’ scientific attitude was 86 in experiment class, and 82 in control class. The result of t-test of students’ scientific attitude was tcount > ttable with tcount = 3.464 and ttable= 1.671. N-gain calculation of  students’ comprehension of concept in experiment class was 0.43 (medium criteria), and control class was 0, 35 (medium criteria). The result of t-test of students’ comprehension of concept was tcount > ttable with tcount = 1.776 and ttable= 1.671. Based on this research, it can be concluded that guided inquiry model is effective to improve students’ comprehension of concept. Moreover, it shows the difference of students’ scientific attitude in experiment and control class.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN MODUL TERINTEGRASI ETNOSAINS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN
           BERBASIS MASALAH UNTUK MENINGKATKAN LITERASI SAINS SISWA

    • Abstract: Hasil Observasi menunjukkan bahwa masih sedikit guru yang mengembangkan bahan ajar secara mandiri, pembelajaran sains belum ada kesinambungan antara pengetahuan sains dengan permasalahan dalam kehidupan, serta nilai kearifan lokal. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan pembelajaran kurang bermakna sehingga kemampuan literasi sains siswa masih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan modul pada materi kalor terintegrasi etnosains dalam pembelajaran berbasis masalah terhadap literasi sains siswa. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua kelas VIII SMP 1 Jati Kudus, sampel penelitian adalah siswa kelas VIII C dan VIII F diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Jenis penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperimental design dengan desain nonequivalent control group design. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata hasil belajar kelas eksperimen sebesar 81,38% sedangkan rata-rata kelas kontrol sebesar 77,83 dengan N-gain kelas eksperimen sebesar 0,65 kategori sedang dan kelas kontrol 0,56 kategori sedang. Siswa yang diajar dengan menggunakan modul terintegrasi etnosains dalam pembelajaran berbasis masalah memiliki kemampuan literasi sains lebih tinggi dibanding dengan kemampuan literasi sains  kelas kontrol. Berdasarkan hasil analisis kemampuan literasi sians siswa diperoleh t hitung sebesar 2,09 dan t tabel sebesar 1,67, sehingga dapat disimpulkan dari kedua analisis di atas bahwa  penggunaan modul terintegrasi etnosains dalam pembelajaran berbasis masalah efektif terhadap kemampuan literasi sains siswa. The result of observation shows that there are still some few teachers who develop an independent teaching material, there is not  any coherence between science and students’ scientific attitude, also local sapiental authority. These problems cause a less attracted teaching-learning process and less activating students so that the students’ literacy science ability is still low. This study aims to find the effectiveness of using the etnosains integrated handout material of heat in the learning based problem to increase students’ literacy science. The population of this study is all the eight graders of SMP 1 Jati Kudus, while the sample is all the students of VIII C and VIII F gained by purposive sampling technique. This study belongs to a Quasi Experimental Design with Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The result of the study shows that the experimental group gains 81.38 % in mean, while the control group gains 77.83 with middle category 0.65 as the N-gain of experimental group and middle category 0.56 as the N-gain of the control group. Students in the experimental group who is taught with the etnosains integrated handout in the learning based problem gains higher result than the control group. It means the students’ literacy science ability of the experimental group is also higher than the control group as the students’ literacy science ability is measured by the students’ learning result. According to the analysis of students’ result, it is gained 2.09 in t hitung and 1.67 in t table, so from the two analysis above it can be concluded that the etnosains integrated handout in the learning based problem is effective to use in increasing students’ literacy science ability.
      PubDate: 2015-12-01
      Issue No: Vol. 4 (2015)
       
  • PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PAPAN PERMAINAN BERBASIS SCINCE-EDUTAINMENT TEMA
           MAKANAN UNTUK SISWA KELAS VIII

    • Authors: Mutik Dwi Setyaningsih, Novi Ratna Dewi
      Abstract: Cara pengemasan pengalaman belajar yang dirancang guru sangat berpengaruh terhadap kebermaknaan pengalaman belajar bagi siswa. Kenyataannya di sebagian besar sekolah guru lebih mendominasi proses pembelajaran, sedangkan siswa hanya pasif mendengarkan penjelasan guru. Guru perlu memberikan variasi dalam proses pembelajaran, misalnya dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran. Media pembelajaran yang dikemas dengan baik dapat menarik perhatian dan memotivasi siswa untuk belajar serta mengingatkan kembali akan pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang sudah dipelajari. Salah satu media yang dapat digunakan untuk menyampaikan materi yaitu media papan permainan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan dan mengetahui kelayakan papan permainan berbasis science-edutainment tema makanan, serta mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan papan permainan berbasis science-edutainment terhadap motivasi dan hasil belajar siswa. Penelitian ini merupakan Reseach and Development (R&D) dengan langkah-langkah penelitian diadaptasi dari desain penelitian menurut Sugiyono (2010). Data yang diperoleh adalah angket validasi, angket tanggapan, angket motivasi belajar, tes hasil belajar, dan dokumentasi. Papan permainan berbasis science-edutainment divalidasi oleh pakar media dan pakar materi untuk mengetahui kelayakan media. Persentase rata-rata hasil validasi pakar media sebesar 95% dengan kriteria sangat layak., dan pakar media sebesar 86,46% dengan kriteria sangat layak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media papan permainan berbasis science-edutainment efektif digunakan pada proses pembelajaran tema makanan. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan persentase motivasi belajar siswa secara klasikal sebesar 96,87% dan ketuntasan klasikal hasil belajar siswa sebesar 87,5%. Way of learning experiences designed packaging by teacher is very influential to the meaningfulness of the learning experience for students. The reality in most school teachers dominate the learning process, while students just passively listening to the teacher's explanations. Teachers need to provide variation in the learning process, for example by using learning media. Packaging media are packed with carefully can attract attention and motivate students to learn and recall the knowledge and skills that have been learned. One medium that can be used to deliver material that media board games. The purpose of this study was to develop and determine the feasibility of board games with science-edutainment base in food topic, as well as determine the effectiveness of the use of board game with science-edutainment base to motivation and student learning outcomes. This study is a Reseach and Development (R & D) with measures adapted from the study according to the study design Sugiyono (2010). The data obtained is validation questionnaire, questionnaire responses, motivation questionnaire, achievement test, and documentation. Board game with science-edutainment base are validated by a media expert and materials expert to determine the feasibility of media. The average percentage of validation results for 95% of media experts with the criteria very decent, and media experts of 86,46% with a very decent criteria. The results showed that board game with science-edutainment base effectively used in the learning process of food theme. This is indicated by the classical percentage of students' motivation by 96,87% and classical student learning outcomes of 87,5%
      Issue No: Vol. 4
       
  • EFEKTIVITAS MODEL THINK PAIR SQUARE (TPS) BERBASIS GUIDED INQUIRY PADA
           TEMA SISTEM TRANSPORTASI UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF DAN
           SIKAP ILMIAH SISWA

    • Abstract: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan model Think Pair Square (TPS) berbasis Guided Inquiry pada tema sistem transportasi terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar kognitif dan sikap ilmiah siswa, serta untuk mengetahui tanggapan siswa terhadap model pembelajaran tersebut.Jenis penelitian ini yaitu quasi experimentdengan desain non-equivalent control group design. Sampel penelitian ini diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling, kelas VIII G (kelas eksperimen) yang diberi perlakuan model TPS berbasis guided inquiry dan kelas VIII H (kelas kontrol) yang diberi perlakuan model TPS berbasis structured inquiry. Data diambil dengan metode tes(pre-test dan post-test), observasi (sikap ilmiah), dan angket (tanggapan tentang model dan penilaian diri). Uji hipotesis yang dipakai yaitu uji perbedaan dua rata-rata (hasil belajar kognitif dan sikap ilmiah).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata hasil belajar (post-test)kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi dari kelas kontrol (78,80> 76,13). Nilai N-gain kedua kelas masing-masing meningkat sebesar 0,56 dan 0,48 (kategori sedang). Ketuntasan klasikal kelas eksperimen (96,88%) > kelas kontrol (90,32%). Dari uji hipotesis, diperoleh thitung> ttabel (1,704> 1,671). Rata-rata nilai sikap ilmiah kelas eksperimen (79,3) lebih tinggi darikelas kontrol (77,6). Dari uji hipotesis diperoleh phitung<α (0,044< 0,05).Tanggapan siswa tentang model TPSberbasis guided inquirydinyatakan efektif (80,78). Hasil penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa model TPSberbasis guided inquirypada tema sistem transportasi efektif terhadap peningkatan hasil belajar kognitif dan sikap ilmiah siswa. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Guided Inquiry based Think Pair Square (TPS) on the chapter of transport system. This study was concerned on raisingstudents’ cognitive skill and scientific attitude, alsoon finding outof the students’ response. The type of this study was quasi experimental design, especially non-equivalent control group design.The samplesof this study wasgrade VIII G (experiment) and VII H (control) of SMPN 26 Semarang, taken with purpossive sampling method. The data was taken by test method (pre-test andpost-test), observation (scientific attitude), also questionnaire (students’ responses and self-assesment). The results showed that the average of experiment classis higher than the control ( (78,80 > 76.13). This result proved by the t-test which achieved tvalue> ttable (1.704> 1.671). The N-gain value of both classes were increased by 0.56 and 0.48 (medium category). The classical completeness of experimental (96.88%)> controls (90.32%). The average value of the scientific attitudesof experimental (79.3) and control (77.6). This result verified by the Mann-Whitney test which obtained pvalue<α (0.044 < 0.05).The students’ responses about Guided Inquiry based TPSwas effective (80.78). In conclusion, students in the experimental group had better cognitives skill of Transport system, and more positive attitude toward Guided Inquiry based TPS.
      Issue No: Vol. 4

Sabtu, 11 Juli 2015

Senin, 04 Mei 2015

Fatherhood

The Common Roles of Fathers

Fathers play many roles in parenting their children. Some are involved in every facet of their child's life while others concentrate on one or two aspects of raising their child. In the United States, the role of the father has changed, with today's fathers taking more responsibility for raising their children
Have the emotional, personal experiences of fatherhood received greater focus than the traditional role of financial provider? Studies of parenting behaviors suggest that fathers still tend to concentrate their efforts on a handful of basic parenting responsibilities. Today, fathers roles tend to be defined by the "Five Ps":participator/problem-solver, Playmate, principled guide, provider, and preparer.
Before explaining these roles, we need to say that the "Five Ps" are not things a father can do that a mother cannot. Mothers often perform some or all of these roles themselves, quite capably. Rather, they are the roles that fathers define themselves in, because they see them as important activities for raising their child.

Participator / Problem Solver
Fathers can sometimes overlook the importance of being a regular participator in their child's life. Being there for a child is more than physical presence, but helping to meet children's social, emotional, and psychological needs.
Fathers talk about the importance of helping their child solve many of the critical problems of growing up. These could be the challenges of emerging adulthood such as deciding: what to do for a living, whether to go to college, whether to buy a car; or, they could be everyday tasks such as homework, fixing a bike, or hanging a swing from a tree.
In the problem-solver role, dads are modeling effective problem-solving skills for their child. They have an opportunity to show their child how to make and act on decisions, as well as experience the consequences of their actions and decisions. This process fosters a child's responsibility, independence, and self-reliance. If children are raised without a role model for effective problem-solving, they often adopt poor strategies that lead them to become ineffectual and helpless in problematic situations. Children and adults with deficient problem-solving skills often become needy and dependent on others to "make things right" in their life. On the positive side, fathers who model healthy problem-solving in relationships have children who are less aggressive and who are more popular with their peers and teachers.
While fathers often play a critical role in their child's life by setting an example of problem-solving, fathers sometimes get involved in solving problems when it's nearly too late. In some family situations, a father only gets involved when a child's emotional and behavioral problems have become so serious that they are less responsive to treatment. Reserving dad's help for only the "big" problems is a big mistake. Fathers need to be involved in all phases of their child's problem-solving strategies from serving as an example to serving as a guide who offers possible solutions to their child(ren).
Playmate
Fathers can be great jungle gyms. Research shows that fathers spend more time, proportionally, with their children in high-energy, physical play than do mothers. In addition, fathers tend to engage in more roughhousing and stimulating play than mothers, for example, using the elements of surprise and excitement. This sets up expectations in children for the majority of their interactions with fathers involving physical play. For example, a daughter hangs on her father's arm and wants to swing as soon as he comes through the front door on his way home from work. Still, this type of play can be very important in a child's life. Physical play not only builds muscles and coordination, but can often be used to teach rules that govern behavior (e.g., taking turns, standing in line, playing physically without injuring someone, etc.). Through the role of playmate, a father can encourage his child's sense of autonomy and independence, which is a major milestone of social and emotional growth.
In addition, play is often termed a "window to the child's world." This means that play can often be used to find out about a child's thoughts, feelings, hopes, and dreams. Fathers can also use play to informally start a serious conversation with their child. In fact, it's important that fathers use this time to talk with their child and to build their emotional bond with them. Too often, fathers miss this opportunity by simply playing and substituting physical contact for verbal interaction.
Principled Guide
The cliché, "Wait til your father gets home!" no longer applies due to the diversity of family types as well as a new understanding of child discipline as guidance, not punishment. Neither should "punisher" be used to describe a father's role, especially because punishment tends to be a negative assertion of adult power. Punishment emphasizes to children what they should not do, rather than how parents would like them to act. Also, punishment may be the result of a parent's emotional reaction to a childs behavior. As a result, a child may feel shamed and humiliated which undermines trust in the parent-child relationship. Also, the child's sense of autonomy and initiative may be undermined, especially when a child's unacceptable behavior is well-meaning. Guidance, on the other hand teaches socially desirable behavior, helps children to learn the difference between right and wrong, and enables children to experience and understand the consequences of their own behavior.
Fathers who serve as guides for their children maintain their authority, but use it effectively. Guidance is a collaborative effort between parent and child that involves an ongoing process of father-child interaction. Agreement between fathers and mothers on guidance strategies is important, particularly when it comes to learning consequences of unacceptable behavior. If one parent allows the child to experience the consequences of his/her poor decision and the other rescues the child from that experience, there will be harmful effects to both the parental relationship and the child's development.
Just as important, when fathers become over-involved in punishing, they often have far too little involvement in rewarding good behaviors. Fathers who want to build a healthy bond with their child need to use appropriate guidance. This guidance must be a balance between correcting unacceptable behavior and encouraging with praise and other rewards for successful behavior.
Provider
While, in the last few decades, mothers of dependent children have entered the work force in unprecedented numbers, men continue to be identified as the primary "breadwinner" for the family. This is not always the case, as some fathers choose to be the primary providers of childcare, for example, while working out of the home or continuing their education. Also, with the increase in divorce and parenting outside of marriage, many mothers have become the main providers for their families.
American society still values the ability of the father to provide tangible resources (i.e., food, money, shelter, material possessions) for their children. For example, policies enforcing a non-resident father's payment of child support reflect such values. Also, an emphasis on responsible fatherhood has influenced social policy and social movements (e.g., the Promise Keepers) in the 1990s through the new millennium.
More than the provision of material things (e.g., income and resources) for children and families, a fathers provider role can be defined in terms of responsibility for care of the child. For example, fathers may help to make plans and arrangements for child care, even if they are not directly providing care. All too often, fathers have been led to believe that providing income and material support is all there is, their only way for caring for their family. That's unfortunate, because it discourages fathers from participating in all of the other parenting activities that many find so fulfilling, such as guidance, play, and school activities. Further, if a father values his role as a parent solely only in terms of providing material resources for the family, he may begin to feel trapped by his employment. Placing a bulk of the emphasis on a fathers being the provider can prevent his leaving unsatisfying, well-paying employment. He may not feel able to risk (even a temporary) decrease in family income while he looks for other employment opportunities.
Preparer
Fathers often see themselves as someone involved in preparing their children for life's challenges, as well as protecting them when necessary. They may talk with their child about family values and morals. Or, fathers may advise their teenagers about educational and employment goals as well as give advice (when asked for) about peer and romantic relationships. They may guide their child about how to behave in school and work to ensure their child's success in those areas. They may discuss the importance of being truthful, of giving an "honest day's work for an honest day's pay", or showing their affection to a spouse or partner.
Often, fathers see their relationship with their child blossom as the child grows into adolescence and adulthood. Some fathers even see this as the time to get involved in preparing their children for the "real world." In truth, fathers don't need to wait until their children are becoming adults in order to teach them important life lessons. Fathers can provide moral guidance and practical lessons all the way through their child's life. This kind of involvement strengthens the father-child relationship. Involvement helps build an ongoing partnership between father and child. Most important, through his influence on many areas of his child's life, a father teaches his child how to be a parent.
Mom and Dad Fill Different Roles
In 50 years, our society has gone from “father knows best” to “father knows nothing” to “who needs a father?” While some may view this as a modern advancement, I see it as a disastrous erosion of how family best operates.
There have always been single moms – women who sacrifice everything for the welfare of their children. In past times, the circumstances were identified as tragic, calling for the support of family and community. When did we make tragedy the accepted norm?
No woman can be mom and dad to her children. Children who grow up without a father are more likely to suffer from a gamut of ills, from poverty to suicide.
The father's responsibility includes not only physical protection but also financial provision and the display of healthy authority in the home.
Poor examples of fatherhood have, for some, watered down the beauty of a dad’s unique contributions. Nevertheless, fathers provide two specific emotional needs for which Mom, try as she may, cannot completely compensate.
First, fathers provide a sense of security. Unfortunately, some fathers have used their superior physical strength and their booming voice to intimidate rather than to protect. However, for generations and throughout cultures, a man’s responsibility has been to protect the women and children under his care. This includes not only physical protection but also financial provision and the display of healthy authority in the home.
Fathers also pass down a blessing to their children. A mom believes her son or daughter is a success no matter what. The child who scratches out “Mary Had a Little Lamb” on a violin is destined for first chair in the New York Philharmonic, according to Mom. Dad’s validation is different. The son or daughter who never receives this blessing may unconsciously spend a lifetime searching for it.
We live in a society of parents who sacrifice to give everything to our children – everything except what matter most. Forgo the soccer team and designer jeans; fight for our kids to have dads.